The History of Delphi

This document provides concise descriptions of Delphi versions and its history, along with a brief list of features and notes. Find out how Delphi evolved from Pascal to a RAD tool that can help you solve complex development problems to deliver high-performance, highly scalable applications ranging from desktop and database applications to mobile and distributed applications for the Internet Ââ€" not only for Windows but also for Linux and the .NET. What is Delphi?Delphi is a high-level, compiled, strongly typed language that supports structured and object-oriented design. Delphi language is based on Object Pascal. Today, Delphi is much more than simply Object Pascal language. The roots: Pascal and its historyThe origin of Pascal owes much of its design to Algol - the first high-level language with a readable, structured, and systematically defined syntax. In the late sixties (196X), several proposals for an evolutionary successor to Algol were developed. The most successful one was Pascal, defined by Prof. Niklaus Wirth. Wirth published the original definition of Pascal in 1971. It was implemented in 1973 with some modifications. Many of the features of Pascal came from earlier languages. The case statement, and value-result parameter passing came from Algol, and the records structures were similar to Cobol and PL 1. Besides cleaning up or leaving out some of Algols more obscure features, Pascal added the capability to define new data types out of simpler existing ones. Pascal also supported dynamic data structures; i.e., data structures which can grow and shrink while a program is running. The language was designed to be a teaching tool for students of p rogramming classes. In 1975, Wirth and Jensen produced the ultimate Pascal reference book Pascal User Manual and Report. Wirth stopped its work on Pascal in 1977 to create a new language, Modula - the successor to Pascal. Borland PascalWith the release (November 1983) of Turbo Pascal 1.0, Borland started its journey into the world of development environments and tools. To create Turbo Pascal 1.0 Borland licensed the fast and inexpensive Pascal compiler core, written by Anders Hejlsberg. Turbo Pascal introduced an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) where you could edit the code, run the compiler, see the errors, and jump back to the lines containing those errors. Turbo Pascal compiler has been one of the best-selling series of compilers of all time, and made the language particularly popular on the PC platform. In 1995 Borland revived its version of Pascal when it introduced the rapid application development environment named Delphi - turning Pascal into a visual programming language. The strategic decision was to make database tools and connectivity a central part of the new Pascal product. The roots: DelphiAfter the release of Turbo Pascal 1, Anders joined the company as an employee and was the architect for all versions of the Turbo Pascal compiler and the first three versions of Delphi. As a chief architect at Borland, Hejlsberg secretly turned Turbo Pascal into an object-oriented application development language, complete with a truly visual environment and superb database-access features: Delphi. What follows on the next two pages, is a concise description of Delphi versions and its history, along with a brief list of features and notes. Now, that we know what Delphi is and where are its roots, its time to take a trip into the past... Why the name Delphi?As explained in the Delphi Museum article, project codenamed Delphi hatched in mid 1993. Why Delphi? It was simple: If you want to talk to [the] Oracle, go to Delphi. When it came time to pick a retail product name, after an article in Windows Tech Journal about a product that will change the life of programmers, the proposed (final) name was AppBuilder. Since Novell released its Visual AppBuilder, the guys at Borland needed to pick another name; it became a bit of a comedy: the harder people tried to dismiss Delphi for the product name, the more it gained support. Once touted as the VB killer Delphi has remained a cornerstone product for Borland. Note: some of the links below marked with an asterix (*), using the Internet Archive WayBackMachine, will take you several years in the past, showing how Delphi site looked long-ago.The rest of the links will point you to a more in-depth look at what each (new) technology is about, with tutorials and articles. Delphi 1 (1995)Delphi, Borlands powerful Windows programming development tool first appeared in 1995. Delphi 1 extended the Borland Pascal language by providing object-orientated and form-based approach, extremely fast native code compiler, visual two-way tools and great database support, close integration with Windows and the component technology. Heres the Visual Component Library First Draft Delphi 1* slogan:Delphi and Delphi Client/Server are the only development tools that provide the Rapid Application Development (RAD) benefits of visual component-based design, the power of an optimizing native code compiler and a scalable client/server solution. HereÂ’s what were the 7 Top Reasons to Buy Borland Delphi 1.0 Client/Server* Delphi 2 (1996)Delphi 2* is the only Rapid Application Development tool that combines the performance of the worlds fastest optimizing 32-bit native-code compiler, the productivity of visual component-based design, and the flexibility of scalable database architecture in a robust object-oriented environment. Delphi 2, beside being developed for the Win32 platform (full Windows 95 support and integration), brought improved database grid, OLE automation and variant data type support, the long string data type and Visual Form Inheritance. Delphi 2: the Ease of VB with the Power of C Delphi 3 (1997)The most comprehensive set of visual, high-performance, client and server development tools for creating distributed enterprise and Web-enabled applications. Delphi 3* introduced new features and enhancements in the following areas: the code insight technology, DLL debugging, component templates, the DecisionCube and TeeChart components, the WebBroker technology, ActiveForms, component packages, and integration with COM through interfaces. Delphi 4 (1998)Delphi 4* is a comprehensive set of professional and client/server development tools for building high productivity solutions for distributed computing. Delphi provides Java interoperability, high performance database drivers, CORBA development, and Microsoft BackOffice support. Youve never had a more productive way to customize, manage, visualize and update data. With Delphi, you deliver robust applications to production, on time and on budget. Delphi 4 introduced docking, anchoring and constraining components. New features included the AppBrowser, dynamic arrays, method overloading, Windows 98 support, improved OLE and COM support as well as extended database support. Delphi 5 (1999)High-productivity development for the Internet Delphi 5* introduced many new features and enhancements. Some, among many others, are: various desktop layouts, the concept of frames, parallel development, translation capabilities, enhanced integrated debugger, new Internet capabilities (XML), more database power (ADO support), etc. Then, in 2000, Delphi 6 was the first tool to fully supports new and emerging Web Services ... What follows is a concise description of most recent Delphi versions, along with a brief list of features and notes. Delphi 6 (2000)Borland Delphi is the first rapid application development environment for Windows that fully supports new and emerging Web Services. With Delphi, corporate or individual developers can create next-generation e-business applications quickly and easily. Delphi 6 introduced new features and enhancements in the following areas: IDE, Internet, XML, Compiler, COM/Active X, Database support...WhatÂ’s more, Delphi 6 added the support for cross-platform development Ââ€" thus enabling the same code to be compiled with Delphi (under Windows) and Kylix (under Linux). More enhancements included: support for Web Services, the DBExpress engine, new components and classes... Delphi 7 (2001)Borland Delphi 7 Studio provides the migration path to Microsoft .NET that developers have been waiting for. With Delphi, the choices are always yours: youre in control of a complete e-business development studio Ââ€" with the freedom to easily take your solutions cross-platform to Linux. Delphi 8For the 8th anniversary of Delphi, Borland prepared the most significant Delphi release: Delphi 8 continues to provide Visual Component Library (VCL) and Component Library for Cross-platform (CLX) development for Win32 (and Linux) as well as new features and continued framework, compiler, IDE, and design time enhancements. Delphi 2005 (part of Borland Developer Studio 2005)Diamondback is the code name of the next Delphi release. The new Delphi IDE supports multiple personalities. It supports Delphi for Win 32, Delphi for .NET and C#... Delphi 2006 (part of Borland Developer Studio 2006)BDS 2006 (code named DeXter) includes complete RAD support for C and C# in addition to Delphi for Win32 and Delphi for .NET programming languages. Turbo Delphi - for Win32 and .Net developmentTurbo Delphi line of products is a subset of the BDS 2006. CodeGear Delphi 2007Delphi 2007 released in March 2007. Delphi 2007 for Win32 is primarily targeted at Win32 developers wanting to upgrade their existing projects to include full Vista support - themed applications and VCL support for glassing, file dialogs, and Task Dialog components. Embarcadero Delphi 2009Embarcadero Delphi 2009. Support for .Net dropped. Delphi 2009 has unicode support, new language features like Generics and Anonymous methods, the Ribbon controls, DataSnap 2009... Embarcadero Delphi 2010Embarcadero Delphi 2010 released in 2009. Delphi 2010 allows you to create touch based user interfaces for tablet, touchpad and kiosk applications. Embarcadero Delphi XEEmbarcadero Delphi XE released in 2010. Delphi 2011, brings many new features and improvements: Built-in Source Code Management, Built-in Cloud Development (Windows Azure, Amazon EC2), Innovative expanded Tool Chest for optimized development, DataSnap Multi-tier Development, much more... Embarcadero Delphi XE 2Embarcadero Delphi XE 2 released in 2011. Delphi XE2 will allow you to: Build 64-bit Delphi applications, Use the same source code to target Windows and OS X, Create GPU-powered FireMonkey (HD and 3D business) application, Extend multi-tier DataSnap applications with new mobile and cloud connectivity in RAD Cloud, Use VCL styles to modernize the look of your applications...

In 1971, A Physician Named Thomas Percival Wrote New...

In 1971, a physician named Thomas Percival wrote new professional codes, most of which are now the basis of modern codes. He had written these codes in an attempt to settle a dispute between three groups of medical specialists, that took place in Manchester England. The dispute was between physicians, surgeons, and apothecaries, the codes written contained information pertaining to the duties of physician to one another, to patients, and to society, along with the patient s’ duties to physicians and of society to physicians. The statements Mr. Percival wrote became the basis for the United States first code written in 1847 by the American Medical Association. These first codes emphasized how the main/primary duty of the physician is†¦show more content†¦There are also times in which doctors have forewarned of disapproval from society but were ignored and problems ensued. The Science Reference Center states, â€Å"The famous scientist warned that this was â€Å"a matter far too important to be left solely in the hands of the scientific and medical communities. [this was a quote from Dr. James Watson in 1971]†Ã¢â‚¬  (Daniel Cohen 1). Dr. Watson was referring to his co-discovery of the structure of DNA, he believed that due to this new found information leading scientific and medical communities to be able to clone human beings that it should be shown to the public/society and have their opinions gathered on the sensitive subject. For many years there had been no general agreement/consensus on the subject even after his warning until the appearance of Dolly (this was a name which newspaper companies and researchers used when explaining cloning, some people believed it was an actual human while others it was a different mammal like a sheep) the idea was rarely even discussed. Nancy Duff, a professor who worked where the Dolly cloning, alleged ly, happened stated that â€Å"six years ago I reacted to an essay on the ethics of cloning by asking why anyone would waste time pondering the moral implications of something that could

Darwins Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection free essay sample

The mechanisms for individuals in a population to survive heterogeneous habitats have been a strong debate within the scientific community. The native European Littorina obtusata are a great model organism to study Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. This is because of their vast phenotypic characteristics, particularly their evolving shell thickness throughout history due to predatory pressures of the new arrival of Carcinus maenas. Here we test whether L obtusata three most critical tenants of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection; variation within a population, heritability, and selection. By observing the shell thickness of East Coast of N. America L. obtusata where predatory C. maenas are common versus the West Coast of N. America where C. maenas are not found, it will further provide evidence whether these shell thickness differences are due to natural selection predatory or phenotypic plasticity occurring. This was tested by placing banded crabs in both East and West populations of L. We will write a custom essay sample on Darwins Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page btusata and observing how their shell thickness decreased, further proving that L. obtusata cannot sense or smell the presence of C. maenas. These findings provide further evidence for Seeley’s research that the accelerating morphological changes of L. obtusata shell thickness was in response to strong selection by C. maenas and not because speciation occurring. Some believe that Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection is operating the morphological breaks found in fossil records within a population. Darwin’s book On the Origin of Species listed four basic postulates to natural selection; there must be variations among individuals in a population, variations must be heritable, survival and reproduction must be variable and non-random (Darwin, 1859). As a result, every generation there will be slight changes in the population. One scientist in particular, Robin Seeley, tried understanding Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection by studying the thickness of shells of flat periwinkles, Littorina obtusata, of Appledore Island and the new arrival of predatory green crabs, Carcinus maenas. Seeley noted acceleration in natural selection that normally is not observed within the L. obtusata population in response to strong selection by C. maenas. This is because shell thickness affects the survivability and reproduction of L. obtusata when C. maenas claws break them to meal (Trussel, 1996). The observation confirmed that when C. maenas were introduced in the East Coast of N. America, L. obtusata range of shell thickness increased compared to the West Coast of N. America L. obtusata populations where predatory C. maenas were not found (Seeley, 1986). These vast morphological differences in their shell thicknesses was thought to occur because of the C. maenas selection for the thinner-shelled L. obtusata. Seeley’s research further showed that speciation was not occurring within the intertidal snails as many previous scientists claimed.

Report on flexible working hours free essay sample

Flexible working hours is very important on perspective of employers and employees in Malaysia. Companies that offer flexible working schedules are the key to luring professional women back into the workforce. Flexible work arrangements was a tried and true strategy used by advanced economies and offered a work-life balance that was becoming essential in attracting and retaining employees, especially mothers who wanted more time with their family. [The Star Online, July 2013] A system of flexible working hours gives employees some choice over the actual times they work their contracted hours. Such a system can be a good way of recruiting and retaining the staff. This system provides an opportunity for employees to work hours consistent with their other commitments. Flexibility in the organization is also recognized as a valuable tool in achieving greater business productivity. This approach supports work life balance, a concept providing the flexibility necessary for employees to manage the balance between what needs to be achieved at work and their personal commitment outside the organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Report on flexible working hours or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This research is substantial in getting the information of the advantages, disadvantages and ways to implement flexible working hours practices. Achieving a work life balance between the needs of home and work is a win for the employee and the employer. Flexible working hours management is important to increase productivity and objective of the organization in Malaysia. At the end of the research, Recommendations could be made for companies to decide to implement flexible working hour in their organization. 1. 2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Most of employees want the flexibility of working hour to have a balance between work and their other responsibilities and lifestyle. For examples, parents may want to spend more time with their family, study part-time to gain qualifications or to attend cultural and sporting events and commitments. But there are have several problem or issues of flexible working hours, it is time and cost. For employment problems that are poorly handled can be time consuming and costly. Showing good faith in all negotiations with your employees is a critical element in handling problems. For employee problems, time management also can be the main problem in flexible working hours, for example scheduling meetings for when you are in the office, may cause difficulties with other staff who feel their time is being arranged around your needs. Other than that, communication can be challenging. Mobile phones, teleconferencing or videoconferencing may not always work or always be suitable. Working part time may result in missing team meetings or informal communications. The purpose of the research is to get the result either flexible working hour are suitable or relevant to use in Malaysia or not. The respondents of the research will be employee and employer from several private companies. Respondents will also be from government department. 1. 3 PURPOSE: 1. To analyze the advantages from employer employee perspective on flexible working hours 2. To identify the disadvantages for employer employee on flexible working hours implementation. 3. To recommend the suggestion on how to implement the flexible working hours in the organization. 1. 4RESEARCH QUESTIONS: 1. What is the advantage of flexible working hours? 2. What is the disadvantage of flexible working hours? 3. How to implement flexible working hours in the organization? 1. 5SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: This study focuses on employer, employee and focus for employee in the organization. Flexible working seems to be more beneficial for health and wellbeing where the individuals control their own work patterns, rather than where employers are in control. This research will show positive relationships were found when comparing those who work flexibly with other employees. Flexible workers were found to have higher levels of organizational commitment, and in some cases they also had higher levels of job satisfaction. In addition, the availability of flexible working was a key competitive strategy within the labor market. Majority of employers dont mind when workers start their days later, they in turn expect flexibility from their employees to work outside of normal business hours, even as they wind down for the night. Employer can initiate the flexible working hours consists of part time, overtime, long term leaves, job sharing, flextime and shift work. Employer cant reduce the overload of tasks, but flexible schedules make it a bit more manageable. The organization should understand these psychological processes if they want to be successful in leading the staff towards achieving the organizational objectives. 1. 6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS: This study will relate the relationship between flexible working hours schedule and employee motivation. It will also take into the perspective from both employer and employee regarding the advantage and disadvantage on implementation of flexible working hours. The target subjects for this study are employer and employee in the organization area and the finding of the study can be useful for all parties including government to implement the flexible working hours. This research will show the impact direct and indirect towards the employee performance such as job satisfaction and quality of work together with individual performance such as work-life balance. Respondent of this research were employee and employer working in different organization and industry. Several limitations will occur such as time constraint, lack of cooperation and different opinion from the younger and the senior employee. 1. 7 METHODOLOGY: In this study, the first step is distributing the questionnaire to our respondent that designed to define the domain of construct and consider the information to be included in the survey, what should be excluded from the survey and what information should be best obtained. Questionnaires were sent to participants by direct visit. In order to reach the target population represented in this study, the researcher compiled a contact list with names and designations. The researcher used these contact details as references for data collection and strategies to increase the response rate. We distributed the questionnaires and allowed some time for respondents to provide feedbacks. Questionnaires were collected immediately once completed. Other method we will use is interview session. This method will get direct respond and opinion from our respondent. We will interview and ask a question regarding advantage and disadvantage from employee and employer view if the flexible hour is implementing. This activity was repeated in a period of two weeks. We also obtained secondary data from a number of literature reviews. 2. 0 LITERATURE REVIEW OF FLEXIBLE WORKING HOURS 2. 1 Advantages of Flexible Working Hours A study by Dr Woody (2013) found current economic condition makes working parents face a tough responsibility on balancing work and family. Tough schedule to meets end result for family being scramble due to high jobless people, lower income and struggle educational system. Therefore, flexible working arrangement is become popular among parents and employer that include flexible work hours, part-time job and telecommuting. Dr Woody (2013) has found a survey from FlexJobs indicates some respondent difficult to balance their work and 81% can be a smart employee and parents. In addition to the survey, 89% agree to choose flexibility as important criteria to find next job rather than competitive that only 50%. Economist Intelligence Unit (2012, as cited in Dr Woody, 2013) ranked U. S. in 17th place for education in the world. Refer to the ranking, parent should be more involve in their children life which is majority (96%) of parents face the conflict with their responsibilities since they are full-time employee. There are difficult to find best alternative for child when their parents work and makes parents employee request to find flexible working that can benefit both employee and employer. On the survey also found parents need to care for their children when sick and miss their work. To enhance productivity and worker availability, employer needs a flexible schedule which is responds by 67% respondent and 84% respondent will have more less pack schedule when they miss a fewer day of work. Sara (2013, as cited in Dr Woody, 2013) states to increasing the quality time with children and organized activities, they need a flexible working schedule since they are not raising their children only but to improve the workforce for better economic in country. According to Amanda McGroy-Dixon (2012), to manage work-life balance, the employees often battle with it and any mistakes involve will lead to cause low of productivity. Sladek (n. d, as cited in Amanda, 2012) argues all of this struggling can be manage if the employers can take the flexible working hour as a consideration. Either need to send their children to school or need to take care of the parents. Each of employees has different type of reasons and demands to having flexible working arrangements that allows them to manage those challenges and at the same time to complete their responsibilities as a worker. Sladek (n. d, as cited in Amanda, 2012) states everybody has parts in their lives that they are trying to manage, so that they have control in their work-life balance. The flexible working arrangements are also attractive to employers because it can reduce the cost options for instance the medical insurance for the employees. The employers can offer flexible working arrangements as another benefit without much of cost impact. On the other hand, indicates in some cases, some employees prefer normal working hours and make the flexible working hours is as other options for the urgent and important occasions and not make it as a consistent basis. According to Sladek (n. d, as cited in Amanda, 2012) surveys group of employees who are in flexible working hours they have much more control in their lives and most of them are higher rates in satisfaction and engagement scores. On top of that, it improves morale and based on the past, the flexible working arrangements giving benefits for both employer and employee and expects it will be continue to grow in popularity. 2. 2 Disadvantages of Flexible Working Hours According to Miranda Brooking, Demand Media, workers nowadays more interested to flexible work that give them to balance their home and work live using a schedule they want. She adds that may workers and business person should more understand the disadvantages in some cases. Miranda Brooking, Demand Media state that there are few types of negative impact or disadvantages of flexible work among workers. Risk burnout, adding by her that means it reduces productivity in the workplace, bad attitude among co-workers and interferes with their responsibility of their job duty. Limited child care will be one of the disadvantages for flexible work state by Miranda Brooking, Demand Media. It is proving when some of workers that don’t have experience in schedules may have problem of child care that can give bad impact like being late to work. According to Lisa Mooney (2013), it is essential that a company thinks thing through before start implementing a flexible working schedule. Business owners need to recognize that flexible work arrangement is not always appropriate for all employees. The downside to flexible schedule is that the manager’s responsibility for time planning management is more pressing. This will leave manager in exceedingly difficult situation. On other hand, those employees who cannot participate in flexible time schedule can become dissatisfied. Their productivity will eventually do down. Employer’s flexibility in and out of the business at such different hours will increase company’s overhead cost and other related expenses. 2. 3 Implementation of Flexible Working Hours The implementation of flexible working hours schedule allows employee to perform duties in a comfortable, peaceful and less stress condition that can motivate staff motivation level. Flexible working hours system enables the employee to balance their obligation at work and family matters at home. According conducted research, it is clearly indicated that this system may give positive impact to married employees. This can proved from Smith (1993) which working women should have a balance between duties in the office and her obligation towards the family especially on safety issue, health and her children’s need for food. Furthermore, the implementation of flexible working hour schedule the obligation towards children safety and early education are more secured and both responsibilities at work and home can be streamlined. From another point of view, this system also improves the employee’s motivation level (Fynes at al. , 1998). The Federal Government should monitor this system implementation to ensure the effectiveness of this policy. Apart from that, the government needs to form a special committee to study the effectiveness of Flexible Working Hours implementation throughout the Federal Government agencies in the nation and ensure this system will improve their effectiveness. 3. 0FINDINGS PERSONAL BACKGROUND 3. 0. 1Respondents’ Age Figure 3. 0. 1 The Figure 3. 0. 1 shows the range of age among respondents. The highest range of age comprises 19 of respondent between the ages of 20 to 25 years meanwhile the lowest range of age is less than above 35 years comprises of only 7 of respondent. 3. 0. 2Respondents’ Gender Figure 3. 0. 2 The pie chart in Figure 3. 0. 2 shows the respondents’ gender. There are 32 female respondents and only 18 male respondents. 3. 0. 3Respondents’ Working Sector Figure 3. 0. 3 The bar chart in Figure 3. 0. 3 portrays the respondents’ working sector in private and public sector. It illustrates that 42 respondents’ of employees working in private sector meanwhile 8 respondents’ of employees working in public sector. 3. 0. 4 Respondents Position Figure 3. 0. 4 The pie chart in Figure 3. 0. 4 portrays the respondents’ working sector in private and public sector. It illustrates that 30 respondents’ of non-executive positions. Meanwhile 20 respondent of 20 executive positions. 3. 0. 5Respondents’ Year of Service Figure 3. 0. 5 The Figure 3. 0. 5 shows the range of year employees working in the company. The higher range respondent’ years of service shows 33 of respondent worked between under 5 years. It followed by 9 of respondent with less 10 years of service, and 8 of respondent with more than 10 years of services. 3. 0. 6Respondents’ Marital Status Figure 3. 0. 6 The bar chart in Figure 3. 0. 6 highlights the marital status of respondents. The highest number of respondent are single 26 respondent meanwhile 24 employees are married. FINDINGS OF ADVANTAGES FLEXIBLE WORKING HOURS 3. 1 Advantages of Flexible Working Hours. 3. 1. 1 What makes employee want to implement flexible working hours? Figure 3. 1. 1 The pie chart in Figure 3. 1. 1 , Highlights what makes employee want to implement the flexible working hours. Based on the bar chart provided and answer given by the respondents, majority agreed on what has been mentioned in the questionnaire. The employees want to reduce absenteeism, increase the job satisfaction and for their own personal obligations. The result was almost 40% equal to 20 people of respondents agreed all mentioned above are what the employees want compared to the lowest respond of 5 people respondents for reduce absenteeism. This question given to the respondents was basically straightforward and easy for them to respond. 3. 1. 2 Do you think flexible working hours will increase employee motivation? Figure 3. 1. 2 The bar chart in Figure 3. 1. 2 , Highlights about what the respondents point of views on their agreement either the flexible working hours will increase the employee motivation or not. It was found that only 1 respondent in 50 respondents not answer this question. It may because maybe he or she does not have any idea regarding the question given or unconditional answer. On the other hand, based on the findings above, almost 78% respondents agreed that flexible working hours will increase the employee motivation compared to only 10 people of respondents almost 20% who chose disagree with the statement. 3. 1. 3 Are you satisfied, if your company gives an option that allows you to have flexible working hours? Figure 3. 1. 3 The cylinder bar chart in Figure 3. 1. 3 shown that either the respondents satisfied or not if their company gives them an option to apply flexible working hours in the organization. Majority of the respondents are satisfied if their company comply with flexible working hours. Based on the bar chart above, the highest number of 42 people of respondents equal to 84% respondents are satisfied with the statement compared to only 16% equal to only 8 people of respondents that are not satisified. The dissatisfaction may due to of thought that with flexible working hours will jeopardize their fixed routine schedule. 3. 1. 4Do you agree that flexible working hours help you to improve your quality time with your family? Figure 3. 1. 4 The bar chart in Figure 3. 1. 4 illustrates that data from the respondents on the agreement of flexible working hours help them to improve their quality time with family. Based on the respond received, the respondents gave higher rates in agreement with 78% equal to 39 people of respondents chose ‘Yes’ as their answered compared to ‘No’ with only 11 people of respondents chose it. 3. 1. 5 For this decade and future undertaking, do you feel that flexible working hours is needed and convenience in order to work life balance? Figure 3. 1. 5 Refer to the above cone chart in Figure 3. 1. 5 shown that the highest respond from respondents almost 86% equal to 43 people of respondents out of 50 people chose ‘Yes’ instead of 7 people of respondents only chose ‘No’ for the question of in future undertaking, flexible working hours is needed and convenience in order to work life balance. Majority the respondents respond ‘Yes’. 3. 1. 6Do you agree that flexible working hours could help reduce stress among the workers? Figure 3. 1. 6 Based on doughnut chart above in Figure 3. 1. 6, illustrates that the question given to the respondents regarding the agreement of flexible working hours could help reduce stress among the workers, majority almost 80% of respondents equal to 40 people of respondents are agreed with the statement whereby almost 20% respondents equal to 10 people of respondents disagree with the statement. FINDINGS OF DISADVANTAGES FLEXIBLE WORKING HOURS 3. 2 Disadvantages of Flexible Working Hours. 3. 2. 1Do you agree that flexible working hours give more disadvantages instead of advantages? Figure 3. 2. 1 Doughnut Chart in Figure 3. 2. 1, prove that they agreed flexible working hours give more disadvantages instead of advantages. Based on the chart above and answer given by the respondents, majority disagreed on that flexible working hours has given advantages more than disadvantages. The result was almost 44% equal to 22 people of respondents disagreed with that above compared to the lowest respond of 4% equal to 2 people of respondent, follows with neutral, strongly disagree, strongly agree that showing 24% equal to 12 respondents, 18% equal to 9 respondents and 10% equal to 5 respondents respectively. 3. 2. 2Employer’s should make a special effort to accommodate the particular difficulties parents of young and disable children faced in balancing their work and family life. Figure 3. 2. 2 The pie chart in Figure 3. 2. 2, illustrates the respondents of employer’s should make a special effort to accommodate the particular difficulties parents of young and disable children faced in balancing their work and family life. The highest percentage of respondents, which 42% that agree about this while the lowest percentage of respondents, which is 6% of respondents disagree. 3. 2. 3People work best when they can balance their work and home lives in the way they want. Figure 3. 2. 3 The doughnut chart in Figure 3. 2. 3 highlights People work best when they can balance their work and home lives in the way they want. 22 respondents agree and 2 respondents neutral about above survey. 3. 2. 4In order to distribute of flexible working hours, special communications efforts and meetings may be necessary to keep all employees feeling like a valuable part of the team. Figure 3. 2. 4 The bar chart in Figure 3. 2. 4 state that in order to distribute of flexible working hours, special communications efforts and meetings may be necessary to keep all employees feeling like a valuable part of the team rating of respondents. The highest number of respondents, which is 24 agree about above. Meanwhile, 1 respondent disagree that special communications efforts and meetings may be necessary to keep all employees feeling like a valuable part of the team. 3. 2. 5Personal responsibility traits are a factor in deciding whether an employee should be eligible for flexible working hours. Figure 3. 2. 5 The pie chart in Figure 3. 2. 5 illustrates the respondents of personal responsibility traits are a factor in deciding whether an employee should be eligible for flexible working hours. The highest numbers of result above show 21 respondents that agree while the lowest number is 5 respondents that strongly disagree and strongly agree. 3. 2. 6Please choose the most disadvantages of flexible working hours among employees. Figure 3. 2. 6 The 3-D cylinder chart in Figure 3. 2. 6 portrays the respondents of choosing the most disadvantages of flexible working hours among employees. It has similar result of the highest respondents, 16 for virtual communication and availability concerns. The lowest results that show 9 respondents for both limited child care and risk of burnout. 3. 2. 7The most disadvantages among employers: Figure 3. 2. 7 The bar chart in Figure 3. 2. 7 highlights the most disadvantages among employers. The highest number of respondents, which is 17 state work flow interruption. Mean while, 8 respondents state for costly. 3. 2. 8Flexible working hours give disadvantages most to: Figure 3. 2. 8 The pie chart in figure 3. 2. 8 shows that employers most impact of disadvantages flexible working hours which is 34 respondents and 16 respondents of employees think that flexible working hours gives most disadvantages to them. FINDING ONSUGGESTION OF IMPLEMENTATION FLEXIBLE WORKING HOURS 3. 3 Suggestion of implementation on Flexible Working Hours 3. 3. 1Respondents Would Choose to Have Flexible Working Hours Figure 3. 3. 1 The doughnut chart in Figure 3. 3. 1 illustrates the suggestion from respondents about to have flexible working hours. It shows 43 of respondents choose to have flexible working hours, meanwhile 7 respondents choose no for flexible working hours. 3. 3. 2Respondents Types of Flexible Working Hours if Company Want to Implement these Methods Figure 3. 3. 2 The 3-D cylinder chart in Figure 3. 3. 2 highlights the statement of respondents’ for which types of flexible working hours would to choose if company want to implement these methods. It shows that most of respondents choose the flexible working hours. It has 34 respondents. Secondly in staggered working hours has 14 respondents, meanwhile just 2 respondents choose for shift working hours. 3. 3. 3Respondent for Integrity is the main part of in implementing flexible working hours, for flexible working hour would affect the production and services of the organization, and also for all organization/ company, government/ private sector should implement flexible working hours. Figure 3. 3. 3 The line chart in figure 3. 3. 3 shows the blue line numbers of respondents think that integrity is the main part of in implementing flexible working hours. 26 of respondents agree with the statement while only 2 of respondents is strongly disagree with the statement. For the red line show that respondent for flexible working hours would affect the production and service of the organization. 23 of respondents agree with the statement while only 3 of respondents are strongly disagree with the statement. Meanwhile for the green line it shows that all organization / company, government/private sector should implement flexible working hours. 28 of respondents agree with the statement while only 3 of respondents are strongly disagree with the statement. 4. 0 CONCLUSION: 4. 1PERSONAL BACKGROUND 4. 1. 1Respondents’ age It can be summarized that a majority of the respondents are between 20-25 years old. 4. 1. 2Respondent’s gender It can be concluded that most of the respondents are females. 4. 1. 3Respondents’ working sector It can be summarized that most of the respondents working on private sector. 4. 1. 4Respondents’ job positions It can be summarized that a majority of the respondents are working as non executive 4. 1. 5Respondents’ years of services It can be concluded that most of the respondents worked under 5 years. 4. 1. 6Respondents’ marital status It can be concluded that most of the respondents are single. 4. 2ADVANTAGE OF FLEXIBLE WORKING HOURS 4. 2. 1Respondents on What makes employee want to implement flexible working hours? It can be concluded that based on high percentage in the pie chart, the employees want to do their own personal matter and to increase their job satisfaction by implement the flexible working hours. The highest percentage in findings showed that the respondents chose want to achieve all of the factors that makes them want to implement the flexibility working hours. It can be concluded also there are lots of factors, reasons and demands that makes employee want to implement the flexible working hours. Example for some employees, shuffling children to school can cause them to be late while other employees have to look after older parents. 4. 2. 2Respondents on Do you think flexible working hours will increase employee motivation? It can be concluded that the flexible working hours will increase the employee motivation because as referred to the bar chart given, the highest percentage agreed that flexible working hours will increase the employee motivation to do the job done with efficient. This also can be conclude as win-win situation or reverse phycology between the employer and the employees for instance the employer gives flexibility schedule to the employees it will burst up the motivation level because an understanding between both party. Majority of the respondents are agreed with the statement. 4. 2. 3Respondents on Are you satisfied, if your company gives an option that allows you to have flexible working hours? It can be concluded that most of respondents are satisfied if the company gives an options to them to have flexible working hours because based on the higher responded from the respondents. This is might due to the flexibility to the respondents to manage their personal matter. 4. 2. 4Respondents on Do you agree that flexible working hours help you to improve your quality time with your family? It can be concluded that most of respondents are agreed that flexibility of working hours help them to improve their quality time with their family. Referred to bar chart as given, it shows higher percentage of respondents who are agreed with the statement. They are really want to improve their quality time with the family in order to avoid their children less of parents attention that can lead them to be vandalism or gangster and to manage their family to be a good person in future. 4. 2. 5 Respondents on For this decade and future undertaking, do you feel that flexible working hours is needed and convenience in order to work life balance? It can be concluded that most of respondents are convenience if the applying of flexible working hours are enforce in the organizations for this decade and future undertaking. In this new era nowadays, business are running mostly 24/7 in a week, most organizations are aiming for profit, therefore it will be convenience if the organizations can apply flexibility working hours in the company so that the workers can have some ample time to manage their own personal timing. 4. 2. 6Respondents on Do you agree that flexible working hours could help reduce stress among the workers? It can be concluded that majority respondents chose agreed on the flexible working hours could help to reduce stress; it may due to working in tight hours or schedule may force the employee cannot solve their personal matter or any other matter relating to working time, schedule or issue raise such as they can’t come to work on time on certain day due to accidents happen or car broke down. This will contribute to stress among them. 4. 3DISADVANTAGE OF FLEXIBLE WORKING HOURS 4. 3. 1Do you agree that flexible working hours give more disadvantages instead of advantages? We conclude that respondents disagree that flexible working hours give disadvantages instead of advantages. 4. 3. 2Employer’s should make a special effort to accommodate the particular difficulties parents of young and disable children faced in balancing their work and family life. We prove that most of respondents agree that Employer’s should make a special effort to accommodate the particular difficulties parents of young and disable children faced in balancing their work and family life. 4. 3. 3People work best when they can balance their work and home lives in the way they want. The conclusion is respondents do agree people work best when they can balance their work and home lives in the way they want. 4. 3. 4In order to distribute of flexible working hours, special communications efforts and meetings may be necessary to keep all employees feeling like a valuable part of the team. It is show that most of respondent agree In order to distribute of flexible working hours, special communications efforts and meetings may be necessary to keep all employees feeling like a valuable part of the team. 4. 3. 5Personal responsibility traits are a factor in deciding whether an employee should be eligible for flexible working hours. It is prove that respondent agree that personal responsibility traits are a factor in deciding whether an employee should be eligible for flexible working hours. 4. 3. 6Please choose the most disadvantages of flexible working hours among employees. It is state that respondent choose virtual communication and availability concerns the most disadvantages of flexible working hours among employees. 4. 3. 7The most disadvantages among employers: We conclude that the most disadvantages among employers is work flow interruption for flexible working hours. 4. 3. 8Flexible working hours give disadvantages most to: In conclusion flexible working hours give disadvantages most to employers because they will have few problems among their employees. 4. 4SUGGESTION ON IMPLEMENTATION OF FLEXIBLE WORKING HOURS 4. 4. 1Respondents Would Choose to Have Flexible Working Hours It can concluded that most of the respondent are agree to choose a flexible working hours because they want to balance their work life and home lives in the way they want if the company practiced the flexible working hours. 4. 4. 2Respondents Types of Flexible Working Hours if Company Want to Implement these Methods It can be summarized that majority of respondents choose to a flexible working hours because of many of them are married and have a child. They believe by implementing the flexible working hours, they can manage their personal life without interrupting working hours. 4. 4. 3Respondent for Integrity is the main part of in implementing flexible working hours It can be concluded that many of the respondent agree that integrity is the main part of in implementing flexible working hours. By implementing flexible working hours, they can complete the task given in timeframe set and increase the quality of the job. 4. 4. 4Respondent would affect the production and services of the organization It can be concluded that majority of respondent are agree that flexible working hours would affect the production and services of the organization because they believes it can increase the productivity and indirectly achieve the goals of the organization. 4. 4. 5Respondent should implement flexible working hours It can be summarized that most of the respondent agree that all sectors in Malaysia should practiced the fl

Freuds View On Human Nature. Research on Sigmund Freuds Theory

According to Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic investigation, human nature comprises some deep characteristics which yearn to satisfy particular needs and impulses such as aggression, the ego that drives him towards pleasurable experiences, the need for love and avoidance of pain in all areas of life. The impulses are considered to lead either towards good or evil, according to the nature of satisfaction they bring to an individual and the community at large. This research paper shall analyze Freud’s view of human nature that became a considerable contribution to psychology.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Freud’s View On Human Nature. Research on Sigmund Freud’s Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Freud’s View On Human Nature: Main Points The nature of the society, either civilized or barbaric, is a result of the personality type of people inhabiting the environment. It is also a function of the degree of moral standards set by society, which forms continuous suppression of human instinct, leading to the need for either reaction or compensation (Ziegler, 2002). Freud, on his psychoanalytic perspective, argued that personality development is one of the significant characteristics of human nature that leads to a deeper understanding of the uniqueness of each person’s life. Movement of individuals from one stage of life to another results in conflict between social and biological drive found within human nature. Freud’s drive theory assumes that the ability of any individual to cope with his/her environment is determined by the individual’s ability to deal with the forces within the society and learn from them. His argument on psychosexuality was that the management of a child’s sexual and aggression drives by the parents within the early stages of life contributes more significant percentage on a healthy personality dev elopment which comprises of three parts; id which forms the source for primary and biological needs and forms substantial rate of the mind. Then there is the ego that forms the conscious part of human nature and is driven by survival and contributes towards the directing of id’s impulses as appropriate. Then there is the superego that forms part of social conscience and develops as a result of relationships and interactions with parents who teach the children to accept and conform to the society’s values and norms (Ziegler, 2002). Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis Freud in his books continues to argue that human nature finds it difficult to accept anything less than excellence. According to Sigmund Freud’s theory, the instinct that drives them towards this contributes towards intellectualism and more of ethical sublimation, which makes a human crave for a superiority complex. Freud argued that there is a significant relationship existing between man and soci ety, which makes him/her naturally antisocial based on the level of evil nature within each individual. He believed that the function of the society was to check on the human antisocial instincts. According to his psychodynamic view of human nature, the level to which a human being becomes civilized is purely dependent on the process of sublimation. This brings about the inverse relationship between human nature’s urge to satisfy his drives and societal cultural practices. The degree to which an individual is subjected to suppression determines the level of his civilized lifestyle (Ziegler, 2002).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sigmund Freud’s human nature view is seen as being more pessimistic since he placed so much emphasis on the traditional belief that there is a significant relationship between human behaviors and the society from which an individual gro ws. This makes the roots from which individual originates to be eviler and at times, leads to destruction. Freud believed that the superiority of the majority determines the way society is led and driven. He argued that the main essence of human nature comprises a more significant percentage of id, which yearns to satisfy only the antisocial instincts that bring about an imbalanced society. Human nature theory by Sigmund Freud led to the question of whether it would be possible for human nature to contain the principles that drive towards pleasure (Ziegler, 2002). In the study of human personality, Freud believed that the central part of human nature is as a result of id and the control of human decisions by the superego. He argued that childhood behaviors and experiences influenced a significant percentage of adult characteristics. According to his discovery, neuroses were a result of powerful emotional forces brought about by traumatic and harsh experiences at the childhood stage. According to Freud, childhood experiences shape up the adult life stage to the extent where infantile character shapes the formation of characters into adulthood. Sigmund Freud’s Theory: Is Humanity Disposed of More Towards Granting Mercy or Towards Aggression? Freud discovered that the general behavior of an individual was much driven by motivations arising from the emotional forces built on the unconscious part of the mind, and free will is only an illusion. According to Freud’s theory of personality, human actions are as a result of mental and neurotic conflicts. It is in human nature, according to Freud, to be more inclined towards aggression, which demands the satisfaction of more antisocial instincts that drive towards the attainment of an individual’s pleasure. This leads to more conflict between individuals and society and, ultimately, the destruction of humanity. Freud argues that humanity cannot be inclined towards granting mercy since there was no mu ch emphasis on the constructive human nature forces. There was no clear indication of human creativity and productivity in Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of human development (Freud, 1930). The urge to the immediate satisfaction of human instincts results in conflict. According to Freud, the aggression is produced by the id, which is considered as the little devil from within that urges individuals to indulge in pleasurable activities irrespective of the consequent results provided that some satisfaction is guaranteed.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Freud’s View On Human Nature. Research on Sigmund Freud’s Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The superego, on the other hand, operates on ideal principles that tend to push individuals away from trouble. Human aggression can well be seen in the behaviors of a growing child who cares less about the inconveniences his/her demands caus e to other people, including the parents (Freud, 1930). How Do We Progress in a Moral Sense? There was a belief in Sigmund Freud’s theory that love, as a virtue, was a result of sexual sublimation. Human behaviors are regarded differently depending on the culture of the society from which it emanates. The culture, within which an individual functions, determines to a greater extent the abnormality or normality of specific actions and behaviors. Morality brings clear differentiation on what is considered good or bad within the societies. Moral behaviors are believed to be a result of shared values within the community. According to Freud, morals are developed to provide means by which humanity can live together in peace and unity. These codes of morals are formed as a result of social and societal dictates. The general society contributes to a significant percentage of an individual’s morality since individuals know no moral boundaries (Freud, 1930, 49). This is because people are so much concerned about their own persona good as opposed to others within the same environment, there is no reliance on others as long as an individual is at peace with himself. Based on individual drives and egos, moral restrictions are not of importance so long as there is security within. The creation of communities led to the introduction of morality since individuals saw the need for healthy interactions and the realization of strength in unity of purpose. Greater strength calls for sole restrictions on individual behaviors and actions. This, according to Freud, sets up the power of the community as being superior to an individual’s power, which at times turns brutal. The power of the community is only eminent after dealing with the egocentric nature of human beings. Individual actions require regulations by the moral codes for stability to be maintained within the societies. Freud argued that all negative behaviors must be dealt with in order to guarantee s afety to other members of society. This is only possible when the concept of empathy is enforced upon individuals dwelling within the same community. This is summed up in the golden rule principle, which states that we should do unto others what we expect them to do unto us. The moral code based on this principle ensures that individuals treat one another in a more cautious and less violent manner (Freud, 1930).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Freudian perception of morality is based upon the concept of empathy, such that any behavior associated with social evil is condemned by every society. According to Freud’s view on human nature, most individuals within the society accept the adoption of the principles and rules that guards against inflicting harm on others since no one desires evil behaviors against him or his family. The morality of an individual is majorly based on the behavioral actions which guarantee continuity within societies. Morality is less associated with one’s thoughts since it is more revealed in an individual’s actions. Freud argued that what prevents an individual from inflicting harm on others is the fear of consequent results of community actions against him rather than empathy (Carpendale and Krebs, 1995). References Carpendale, J., Krebs, D. L. (1995).Variations in the level of moral judgment as a function of type of dilemma and moral choice. Journal of Personality, (63), 289 -313 Freud, S. (1930).Civilization and its discontents. New York: W.W. Norton Company. Ziegler, D. J. (2002). Freud, Rogers and Ellis: A comparative theoretical analysis.  Journal of Rational-Emotive Cognitive- Behavior Therapy, 20(2), 75-91 This research paper on Sigmund Freud’s View On Human Nature was written and submitted by user Reece Diaz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Slavery As Portrayed In The Novel To Kill A Mocking Bird

Slavery As Portrayed In The Novel To Kill A Mocking Bird Introduction The novel is based on a true story and explains the events that took place in the writer’s hometown in the late 1930s. It is a classic book that captivates the reader with the unique flow of the story bringing out the author’s emotions. The book became an instant hit due to its perfect combination of humor and remorse in the narration. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Slavery As Portrayed In The Novel ‘To Kill A Mocking Bird’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The narrator of the story is a young girl named Scout Finch who lives with her father Atticus Finch in Maycomb, Alabama. He is a lawyer by profession. She has only one brother called Jem. Throughout the story, Scout portrays her father as a hero and a role model in maintaining integrity in the legal profession (Johnson 6). Slavery As A Theme The book brings out certain themes such as roles of gender, education, racism, cour age and destruction. The primary theme in the book is the issue of black slavery and the attempt to abolish it. Slavery is more depicted through racial prejudice. The main characters in the novel are said to live in the southern side of the United States of America (Roden 45). The South Americans practiced racism as opposed to the inhabitants in the north. The southern territory supported the use of slaves to provide free labor in their large cotton plantations as opposed to the northern state who had declared the practice illegal. However, the southerners were faced with a dilemma of maintaining their Christian morals on one hand and retaining the slaves on the other (Tolstoy 43). The ‘negroes’, as they were referred by the Southerners were important during this period of Great Depression. So as to balance their Christianity beliefs and their material needs, they declared the Negroes as being in-humans who were inferior to the society. This justified their role as sl aves and the reason why they could not be treated equally according to Christianity (McCarty 23). Inferiority Of Slaves As Depicted In The Novel The author introduces a character Tom Robinson who represents the slaves in the South (Lee and Bloom 12). Tom is accused of rape and Atticus acts as his lawyer. Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He worked as a slave in Mr. Link Deas’s farm. He had been accused of raping a white lady, Mayella in the pretense of helping her. Racial discrimination was evident during the cross examination when Tom told the court that he felt pity for the white lady who seemed lonely. The statement is said to shock the audience as it was not usual for a black Negro to feel any remorse towards a white person. The narrator is able to bring out the hardships the slaves go through during the trial of Tom (Bloom 63). They are depicted as liar s and criminals with no chance of being justifiably heard. Atticus defends Tom with all his might by reminding the jury that there was no difference between the black and white men in court of law and that they should be fair in their verdict. Tom is however found guilty despite his strong defense. Atticus does not display any shock at the out come and he states that he expected the jury not to rule in favor of Tom as he was a black Negro. Tom is finally shot dead by prison guards in his attempt to escape from prison. Plot Analysis Introduction of Tom by the author is a plot device to represent the plight of the slaves in the state. Tom is black and in a crippled state. He has been convicted before for engaging himself in a fight and being unable to pay up a fine. This is an indication that the slaves were poor. He had severely injured his arm in the farm while working on the cotton gin machine. It should be noted that this machine was used primarily by slaves in cotton fields. To m’s character depicts the hardships that the slaves underwent. The injured arm plays an important to role to act as an emblem to portray negligence over the slaves by the whites. The decision by the jury despite the strong defense is also an indication that the slaves had no chance against the whites. Lastly, Tom’s death portrays the manner in which the slaves were killed for no apparent reason. This is due to the fact that they were not considered humans at all by the whites. However, the author brings out another side of the black people as opposed to the whites. They are generous and do not seem to discriminate. One incidence is the fact that Tom befriends the lonely white woman and even offers to help her on several occasions. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Slavery As Portrayed In The Novel ‘To Kill A Mocking Bird’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The other incidence is the fact tha t the black people in the court room stand up to pave way for Atticus as a sign of respect for his effort to set Tom free. The whites on the other hand seem to hold a grudge towards Atticus for representing a black man in court and trying to uphold justice in the court. Conclusion The author brings out slavery in a brilliant manner though her excellent narration style. She tells the story as an innocent child observer in an adult based situation hence embedding the scene in the reader’s mind. Not only does the author portrays her father as a hero but also her hatred towards the practice of slavery. Her only wish is for justice to be served equally to both the blacks and the whites. Bloom, Harold. Harper Lee’s To Kill a mockingbird. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2007. Print. Johnson, Claudia. Understanding To Kill a mockingbird: a student casebook to issues, sources, and historic documents. United States: The Greenwood Press, 1994. Print. Lee, Harper and Bloom, Harold . To Kill a Mockingbird. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2010. Print. McCarty, Lisa. To kill a Mockingbird. USA: Saddleback Educational Publishing, 2006. Print. Roden, Donald. Harper Lee’s To Kill a mockingbird. London: Barnes Nobles, 1997. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Tolstoy, Leo. The Slavery of Our Times. London: Barnes Nobles, 2004. Print.

Container architecture part2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Container architecture part2 - Assignment Example For the families who live in landed properties, their average monthly income is $25,419. Those that are at upper echelons actually make much more. Families in the top docile, (top 10%) happen to make a disproportionally high monthly average of $30,379 (Diane). The households within the next docile make up to about half of this high monthly average while in the next deciles down the line the figures go down linearly. There has been some significant increase in the resident’s level of education in Singapore time after time. Among those aged in between 25-39 years old, the university graduate percentage increased quite significantly between 2001 and 2011 (Ministry of Education, Singapore). Over the same period, there was a lower rate of increase in the number of holders of diplomas and professional certificates. All this improvement in level of education has been facilitated by the government’s devotion to improve living standards of its residents. In Singapore, education is under the management of the ministry of education (Ministry of Education, Singapore). The ministry controls administration and development of state schools, which enjoy government funding. About 20% of national budget goes to education in Singapore. Singapore’s architecture shows styles and influences from different places and periods. These include eclectic styles, hybrid styles from colonialism and some tendency of contemporary architecture incorporating many trends from all around the world. Traditional architecture includes local hybrid houses, Malay houses, black and white bungalows and worship places which reflect the ethnic as well as religious diversity of city-state and civic as well as commercial architecture of European neoclassical, Palladian, gothic, and renaissance styles (Powell, pg.46). From 1970s, the city has been dominated modern architecture like the brutalistic style. Many buildings today especially to the

Industry Assignment #2 Volkswagen AG Group Essay

Industry Assignment #2 Volkswagen AG Group - Essay Example Volkswagen with it's headquarter in Wolfsburg is one of the world's leading automobile manufacturers and the largest car producer in Europe. It operates 44 manufacturing facilities in 12 countries in Europe and in a further six countries in America, Asia and Africa. While the Company operates in two divisions, Automotive and Financial Services, our research is focused on its car manufacturing division. Volkswagen AG ('Company') is engaged in the manufacture and sale of automobiles worldwide. The Company's brands cut across different vehicle classes, from the top luxury class occupied by the Bentley, Bugatti and Lamborghini models, down to the bottom class where Skoda, Seat and Volkswagen are positioned. But the Volkswagen and Audi brands in particular cut right across the vertical class range. Each brand has maintained its own individual character and operates independently in the market. Its diverse range of brands gives the Company a critical competitive advantage. While it is difficult to track consumer habits in a rapidly evolving automobile market, price competitiveness will certainly remain a critical success factor. The mass-market consumers are likely to make product selections based on the price competitiveness, fuel efficiency and liberal credit availability. Valued-added features, more lucrative sales incentives to dealers, extended warranty coverage will emerge as some of the means to retain and increase market share in this extremely price sensitive market segment. Strategies of Volkswagen For many decades, Volkswagen was a classical single product mass manufacturer of Beetle brand; thus achieving a high level of inflexible and dedicated automation. In the late nineties, while the Company continued to focus on scale economies it changed its strategy from being a single product manufacture to a modern volume manufacturer offering a range of vehicles for different section of the market. A multi-brand strategy gives a clear market positioning. Volkswagen keeps adjusting its structure and strategies to cope up with the dynamics of car manufacturing industry. As per the Porter's 5 force model, the profit potential of an industry depends on the combined strength of the following five basic competitive forces: 1. Rivalry among existing firms 2. Threat to new entrants 3. Pressure from substitute products 4. Bargaining power of buyers 5. Bargaining powers of sellers According to Michael Porter, any company in any industry can achieve a competitive advantage through cost leadership, product differentiation and market segmentation. Volkswagen is a good example of proving Porter's theory. The Company has followed the strategy of product differentiation and market segmentation to achieve the competitive advantage. The following section highlights the strategies followed by Volkswagen to achieve its competitive advantage in the dynamic car manufacturing industry. Multi-Brand Strategy Volkswagen's brands cut across different vehicle classes, from the top luxury class occupied by the Bentley, Bugatti and Lamborghini models, down to the bottom class where Skoda, Seat and Volkswagen are positioned. However, each brand has maintained its own individual character and operates independently in the market. This multi-brand strategy enables the Company to generate economies of scale and to fill up price gaps and quality gaps

The investigation in the effect of the Country of Origin towards Essay

The investigation in the effect of the Country of Origin towards Consumer perception of luxury brand product; case study of Thai consumer - Essay Example There are actually several issues involved here; the place of manufacture, the brand and the company; and it is the individual preference or an image that is the combination of one or more or all that matters in consumer perception and therefore the influence of one or all these factors is what is broadly considered as the cognitive value. The literature review will therefore cover all these aspects and a few more in order to understand the implication that is termed as the COO effect on purchase decisions. Sometimes the preference of the customer is narrower and in that sense he or she prefers goods produced within the home country for reasons of superiority or quality. In such cases it is termed as ethnocentricity and this becomes a reason for negativity towards COO. In other cases the patronage of the home country products is due to the perception that it weakens the economy and it is a show of unpatriotic behaviour to prefer goods produced elsewhere. This brings in the concept of economic nationalism. This too aids the negativity towards COO. This review will cover these features as well to understand how COO is used by both the consumer and the company and how they finally influence purchase decisions. The research objective of the paper is to resolve this issue in relation to the luxury items, more specifically to the Thai consumer’s attitude towards the Long Champ brand handbag manufactured in France and China; significantly of the three factors of 25Country of origin including Brand image, Country of Origin of Manufacture and Country of origin of Brand.  Due to globalization and liberalisation the worldwide market of all goods, including the luxury items, has crossed national boundaries and has posed various problems for companies. Consumer behaviour is the driver of demand and this literature review will undertake

Risk Management techniques

Risk Management techniques Risk Management Question: B) â€Å"We will never know if we have identified all the risks in a project† Given that the above statement is true; explain to a member of the Board of Directors the value of using Risk Management techniques for major project. Introduction â€Å"Every human endeavour involves risk; the success or failure of any venture depends crucially on how we deal with it† [1]. That means there is no perfect project in the construction industry in which all the risks can be identified and solved. Risk can neither be avoided nor be solved. It can only be mitigated and then either transfers or share to any other body which is a part of the project or just retain it. The success of a project depends on how well the project team analyse the risk. All the three parameters which determine the success of a construction project which are time, cost and quality are subjected to risk or uncertainty. It is the ability of the project team; right from the concept stage through out the implementation stage that how properly they are estimating the project by providing appropriate allowances for all those anticipated risks or uncertainties [2]. This report includes a detailed analysis of various risks that can occur in a construction project. It also includes how to identify, analyse and mitigate those risks by highlighting the value of different risk management techniques that are used now-a-days for major projects with the help of a case study of 2012 London Olympic and Paralympic games. This report also explains about the systematic approach (project management techniques developed by the experts who are in the field of risk management for many years) of handling the risks. Neglecting the risk without taking that into in its context can turn a potentially profitable project to a loss making venture. 1. Risk in projects- a theoretical approach After a brief introduction, the author feels thats its time to explain risk in a broader frame and the management techniques to mitigate it. For that, all those management procedures need to be explained more along with the techniques used and substantiate that by using more examples. Before going into details of management aspects of the risk, the author needs to give a general idea about the difference between risk and uncertainty, and the risk classification in detail. 1.1. Risk and uncertainty According to Smith NJ, â€Å"the terms risk and uncertainty, if used rigorously, have different meaning but in terms of construction projects the distinction drawn between uncertainty and risk is of little significance† [2]. He defined risk and uncertainty as risk exists when a decision is expressed in terms of a range of possible outcomes and when known probabilities can be attached to the outcomes while uncertainty exists where there is more than one possible outcome of a course of action but the probability of each outcome is not known [2]. Uncertainty in other words can be defined as a situation in which there is no historic data or previous history relating to the situation [14] . â€Å"Perminova defines uncertainty, as a context for risks as events having a negative impact on the projects outcomes, or opportunities, as events that have beneficial impact on project performance. This definition stresses dual nature of uncertainty in potentially having both positive and negative influence on the projects outcomes†. [17] Risk involves both a threat and a challenge where an opportunity is a threat for those expects failures and a challenge to those predicts victory. It can be taken purely on the basis of probabilities or chances and at the same time, risk can be a well calculated one. 1.2. Risk classification According to Robert Flanagan and George Norman, risks are generally of different types that can be classified based on these criteria which are by identifying the type of risks, the consequences, and the impact of risk. Smith N J and Merna T suggested an alternate method of classification of risk which is Global classification and Elemental classification. The method, they suggested is to separate the more general risks which might influence a project but may be outside the control of the project parties from the risks associated with key project elements; these are referred to as global and elemental risks. The classification based on type of risks is usually done by assuming that the total risk is made up of market risks (Speculative risk) and specific risks (Pure risk). The specific risk, sometimes called as static risk, which is having no potential gain typically arises from the possibility of accident or technical failure, while for speculative risk, there is a possibility of loss or gain which might be financial, technical, or physical. â€Å"Moreover, a companys systematic risk can be spit into two components: business and financial risk†. Business risk is the result of a company trading with its assets, which is borne by the equity and debt holders and the financial risk arises directly out of the gearing process brings risk only to the equity holders.[14] The risk classification based on the impact of it can be subdivided into the environment risk, market or industry risk, company risk and the project or individual risk. This classification has done by considering the area with which the impact of the risk is affecting. The general environmental can again be divided into two parts: the physical and then the social, political and economical risks. The physical environment includes the weather and the natural phenomena like earthquake, landslips etc. Normally the risks involved in this environment cannot be controlled. By using the modern technologies, these phenomena can be identified well in advance and can take the measures to mitigate the effects of these phenomena. While in the other hand, the social, political and the economical environment risks are to some extent can be controlled. The government can control social, political and environment of a project to an extent [14]. Market risk depends on a lot of factors and it is very d ifficult to control it. Recession is a risk that almost all the companies are facing throughout the world also comes under market risk. These types of risks are very difficult to predict too, so the better method to tackle is to try to mitigate the consequence. Any company operates within an open market and the risk attached with the market can influence the company as well. So in a company itself, for different major projects, different management groups are assigned and thereby it can act as a separate group or consortium (joint venture with another company). By doing the there are chances for the risks with which the parent company is facing may not reach this group. But the company risks and project risks are intrinsically linked because the company must ultimately bear the consequence of the risky project. 2. Project risk management critical analysis â€Å"Project risk management includes the processes concerned about conducting risk management planning, identification, analysis (both qualitative and quantitative), responses, and monitoring and control on a project; most of these processes are updated throughout the project†[3]. 2.1. Risk management planning: plans how to approach the risk bound activities in the project and to execute the risk management practices into those activities. Before going into the planning for risk management, it is always better to study the project as much as possible. According to PMBOK (3rd edition), while planning an approach for managing risk, it is advisable to consider these factors as well such as, environmental factors, organisational process assets and project scope statement (objective of the project). Risk management plan or method is the outcome or result of this planning, which is used for the identification of risk in the project [3]. 2.2. Risk Identification: The best way to identify risk is a group session or a brainstorming session with all the management experts who are the part of the project. This is the best method of gaining team input and bringing expertise to the project [2] [4]. The risk management plan which is obtained as a result of the first step (Risk management planning) can be used here to identify risk. After identifying all the risk, a risk breakdown structure (RBS) can be made, which shows the risk groups, risk categories and risk events at the lowest level. Then all these identified risks can be converged under two main categories, Internal and external risks. Internal risks, which consists of risks from the side of owners, consultants, contractors, subcontractors and suppliers while external risks are political, economical, social, cultural, natural and other risks such as delays in claiming insurance etc [5]. â€Å"Identification of the risk is considered as the first and the most significant phase of the risk mana gement process. It brings considerable benefits in terms of project understanding and provides an early indication of the need for risk management strategies†. It is impossible to know how far the risks are identified but it is likely that there will be some risks which are unknown. The purpose of identification itself is to use the combinations of different methods to try to ensure that the amount of the unknown unknowns is as small as possible [15]. The right time of doing this identification of risk process is in the appraisal phase, because then there are a large number of risks in the project, and the options for avoiding or mitigating risks are very high and at that time, the project is highly flexible. Different methods of identification process are used by different organisations. Examining previous projects data with similar characteristics which has got similar type of risks can be used to ensure that corporate knowledge is utilized. This option of identification is having only limited scope, but this can at least used to make a checklist of risks which has got more probability to occur [2]. â€Å"Interviewing the project personnel from each discipline and the staff from within the organisation who have experience of similar projects, ensures the corporate knowledge and personnel experience are utilized in the process of identifying risks† [2]. The benefit of doing this technique is that, the organisation can utilise the experience that these experts got from the similar pervious projects. Once these risks are identified, detailed analysis can be done, either by qualitative analysis or by quantitative analysis or by both. 2.3. Risk analysis: â€Å"The purpose of the risk identification is to quantify the effects on the project of the risks identified† [15]. The first and most important step in this phase is to decide which analytical technique to use. There are methods, at the simplest level in which each risk can be treated individually with no attempts made to quantify the risks or the probability of occurrence of this is not calculated. Much more detailed results can be achieved by adding various computation methodologies and by establishing the interdependency of the risks and then the calculation system will be more complex. The choice of technique will usually be based on the experience and expertise. 2.3.1. Qualitative analysis: Prioritising risk by analysing the probability of occurrence and impact in the project. For each risk that is identified, the team needs to assess its severity in order to decide what course of action to take [16]. Expertise is required in this step, because all those analysis is done based on the knowledge from previous experiences. According to Smith N J, a typical qualitative risk assessment usually includes these issues: a brief description of the risk, the stages of the project when it may occur, the elements of the projects that could be affected, the factors that influence it to occur, the relationship with other risks, the likelihood of it occurring, how it could affect the project [2]. According to PRAM, various techniques used for doing qualitative analysis are assumption analysis, by making a check lists and prompt lists, brainstorming, Delphi technique, use of probability- impact (P-I) table, interviews ands risk register [11]. This method is basically experience based and the usage of any of the above mentioned techniques is compulsory, otherwise, the experience of the senior staffs cannot be utilised and thereby the project will be more vulnerable to risk. 2.3.2 Quantitative analysis: analyse numerically the effect of these risks in the overall project. This is the step in which the chances for error is maximum because in this step only, the calculations of the identified risks are done. So this step requires higher attention. Based on qualitative analysis, a relative important index (RII) can be developed and using that detailed categorisation can be done [5]. The probability of a risk arising is a key factor in decisions on risk. Possible consequences of risk occurring are defined and quantified in terms of increased cost, increased time and reduced quality and performance, which can be analysed by using any of the quantitative analysis techniques, says Smith N J [2]. Various techniques used are Decision trees, influence diagrams, Probability analysis (Monte- Carlo simulation), Sensitivity analysis, Project evaluation and review techniques (PERT) and Control Interval and Memory (CIM) approach in which sensitivity analysis and probability analysis are the widely used techniques to do the quantitative analysis of risk in a project. Sensitivity Analysis: This technique determines the risks which have the most potential impact on the project. â€Å"It examines the extent to which the uncertainty of each project element affects the objective, when all other uncertain elements are held at their baseline values† [3]. The aim of doing sensitivity analysis is to identify those components of the projects whose uncertainty most influences the uncertainty of the projects outcome. Sensitivity analysis can be expressed by using different plotting methods like Tornado charts (a histogram method, which is useful for comparing relative importance of variables that have a high degree of uncertainty to those that are more stable.), Spider plots, and Risk-return graphs. This technique should performed on all the risks and uncertainties which may affect project in order to identify those which have a large impact on the economic return, cost, time and whatever are the objectives. Probability Analysis (Monte-Carlo simulation): Probability analysis overcomes many limitations of sensitivity analysis by specifying a probability distribution for each risk, and then considering the effects on the risks in combination. Random sampling is used where calculation of data inserted in an equation would be difficult or impossible [18] [19]. Monte-Carlo simulation by means of random numbers provides and extremely powerful yet conceptually straight forward method of incorporating probabilistic data. The basic steps are. * assess the range for the variables being considered, and determine the probability distribution most suited to that variable * select a value for each variable within is specified range; this value should be randomly chosen and must take account of the probability distribution for the occurrence of the variable. This is usually achieved by generating the cumulative frequency curve for the variable and choosing a value from a random number * run a deterministic analysis using the combination of values selected for each one of the variables * repeat a number of times to obtain the probability distribution of the result. The number of iterations required depends on the number of variables and the degree of confidence required, but typically lies between 100 and 1000 [20]. In normal risk management processes (RMP), one of the abovementioned analyses only is used. â€Å"The effectiveness and efficiency of quantitative analysis is driven to an important extent by the quality of the qualitative analysis and the joint interpretation of both†. [6] 2.4. Risk response: brings out the maximum possible outcomes from these risks bound activities to enhance opportunities and to reduce threats to the desired objective. With these outcomes, risks can be prioritised as high, medium and low risk according to the probability of occurrence and impact. Risk allocation strategies should be determined at the initial stages of the project by the client. The main characteristics of the available choices of risk allocation strategy can be grouped according to organisational structure or payment mechanism. The payment mechanism employed, price or cost- based, will determine the location of these contingencies [2]. The allocation of risk between parties to a contract should be identified prior to tender. The rise response, or its allocation, can take any of these four forms: Risk retention, Risk transfer, Risk reduction and Risk avoidance. 2.4.1 Risk retention: According to Flanagan. R and Norman G, risks that produce individually small, repetitive losses are those most suited for retention. Not all risks can be transferred, but even if they are capable of being transferred it may not prove to be economical to do so. The risk will then have to be retained. Besides, it is preferred to retain a portion of risk in certain circumstances [14]. Applying the probabilistic approach to cost estimates gives a range of estimates rather than a single value. Thus a series of contingency sums can be given which provide for different probabilities of protection against risk and uncertainty [20]. 2.4.2 Risk transfer: Transferring the risk does not reduce the criticality of the source of risk, but it removes it to another party. In some cases, transfer can significantly increase risk because the party, whom it is being transferred, may not be aware of the risk they are being asked to absorb. The essential characteristic of the risk transfer is that the consequences of the risks, if they occur, are shared with or totally carried by a party other than the client. The client should expect to pay a premium for this privilege. The responsibility for initiating this form of risk response therefore lies with the client, and he should ensure that it is in his own best interests to transfer the risk [18] [20]. As per PMBOK, contracts can be used to transfer liability for specified risks to another party [3]. 2.4.3 Risk reduction: The most common and efficient way of reducing risk exposure is to share risks with other parties. Risk reduction fills in three categories: Firstly, education and training to alert the staff to potential risks. Secondly, physical protection to reduce the likelihood of loss and finally systems are needed to ensure consistency. In contractual agreement, the use of management fee types of contract will remove the adverse attitude of contractors and should reduce the likelihood of claims from the contractor for direct loss and expense [20]. 2.4.4 Risk avoidance: â€Å"Risk avoidance involves changing the project management plan to eliminate the threat posed by an adverse risk, to isolate the project objectives from the risks impact, or to relax the objective that is in jeopardy, such as extending the schedule or reducing scope. Some risks that arise early in the project can be avoided by clarifying requirements, obtaining information, improving communication, or acquiring expertise.†[3] 2.5. Risk monitoring and control: tracking and monitoring the identified risks, identifying new risks, executing risk response plans, and evaluating their effectiveness throughout the project life cycle. The process of risk management can be grounded on a clear understanding about the nature and scope of decision making involvement in project management and a natural framework for examining these decisions is the project life cycle. For successful implementation of the project, a regular monitoring procedure of risk is essentially required in all the segments of this framework like conceptualisation, planning, design, construction, termination and disposal of a project. Risk Monitoring and Control is the process of identifying, analysing, and planning for newly arising risks, keeping track of the identified risks and those on the watch list, reanalysing existing risks, monitoring trigger conditions for contingency plans, monitoring residual risks, and reviewing the execution of risk responses while evaluating their e ffectiveness. The Risk Monitoring and Control process applies techniques, such as variance and trend analysis, which require the use of performance data generated during project execution. Risk Monitoring and Control, as well as the other risk management processes, is an ongoing process for the life of the project [3] These abovementioned processes can be effectively explained by using a case study. The case study explains the typical risks that a major construction project is always exposed to and through this case study the author wants to prove that even if the management team has done a detailed analysis of risks, they can never say that they have identified all the risks because still there are chances for some risks being left out as unidentified. 3. London Olympics 2012 a case study The reason behind 2012 London Olympics to be taken as the case study is that, the author feels it is better to consider a live or recent project to discuss the risk management issues than an old project because in a live project only, there is a scope to find more risks which the management team left out without considering like the recession in this case, which is left unattended by the management group is the biggest treat the project is facing. According to the report by Comptroller and auditor General, National Audit Office (NAO), the management team of the London Olympics has considered six major issues as their major risks that need to be considered to the successful delivery of the project. They are (1) â€Å"Delivering the project at an immovable deadline (2) The need for strong governance and delivery structures given the multiplicity of organisations and groups involved in the Games. (3) The requirement for the budget to be clearly determined and effectively managed. (4) Applying effective procurement practices. (5) Planning for a lasting legacy. (6) The installation of effective progress monitoring and risk management arrangements† [7]. Since this project is a major one and all these risks need severe attention, the management team planned various risk management techniques to tackle each risk individually to keep all of them under control at any time through out the project. The author finds it very essential to explain each of these abovementioned risks and the methods used to mitigate them in detail, to substantiate the value of risk management techniques to a member of the Board of Directors. 3.1. Delivering the project at an immovable deadline The Olympic project consists of a lot of individual but interdependent projects. Effective project management works on the basis of the three parameters- Time, cost and quality and if there is any change that happens to any of these parameters can affect the other two[7]. So that implies delay in delivering any of the elements of the project puts pressure on cost and/or quality. Normally to release pressure from cost and quality that arises due to the delay in delivery of the project is to weaken the negotiating position. But in this project, these adjustments are not possible. Because any delay can affect the theme of the project. So to get rid of all these issues, they planned the project very well initially and kicked the construction off by starting the individual; non-interdependent (self dependent) works at the same time and by achieving all the milestones in construction at regular, pre-assigned intervals. Then they arrange the meeting of the representatives of all the major stakeholders and make sure that all of them are satisfied with the work done to attain the milestone within the given time. 3.2 The need for strong governance and delivery structures given the multiplicity of organisations and groups involved in the Games. According to the Comptroller and audit generals report, there are three major stakeholders to this project- The Government (represented by some bodies), the mayor of London and British Olympic Association. In addition to this, some other bodies are involved in delivering or funding the games. The management group deals with the risk of the need for strong governance and delivery structures by maintaining a clear focus on the need for timely decision making individually and collectively on a programme where there are multiple stakeholders and interests. The international Olympic Committee requires the host cities to organise the games and the management department decided to set up an Olympic delivery authority (ODA) to deliver the venues and the infrastructure and then to stage the games. From the previous experience they had in the past, they set up another body called LOCOG (London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, which is responsible for operational and s taging aspects of the game. The Olympic Delivery Authority prepares the site, builds new venues, delivers the Olympic village, infrastructure and transport projects. The only thing the management team needs to make sure is the combined effort of both the organisations in delivering the project. The technique of setting up two organisations by the management department was found successful so far, from the timely delivery of the milestones [7]. 3.3 The requirement for the budget to be clearly determined and effectively managed. One of the main risk which has got more probabilities to go wrong and which needs efficient management hands and effective techniques to deal with. So a very strong financial management set up is a prime requirement here. The need of maintaining comprehensive and accurate asset registers, which helps to transfer the asset later on at the end of the project and the need for strong contract management arrangements, with comprehensive contract records and payments made only in accordance with certified work carried out, is also of prime importance to keep in track with the income and expenditure of the project. Finally the actions required to manage this risks are setting up a budget for the project and making sure how it is funding, being sure about how the cash flow needs will be met, being clear about the costs associated with delivering the games and how to capture this amount on a consistent basis [7] [8]. 3.4 Applying effective procurement practices. This is one of the main issues as far as a major project is taken into concern. The author feels so, because fixing a procurement route for such a large project is very difficult. To get a main contractor who is doing the major share of work for a big project is equally difficult. By considering these aspects, the management team started doing the procedures well in advance, so that they got enough time for doing their analysis works done for fixing the procurement route, to do the qualification processes for selecting the main contractor and to negotiate with the preferred team about the various aspects of the project. Along with this, the management team makes sure that the application of procurement practice was effective by being clear about the respective roles and responsibilities of the Olympic Delivery Authority and its Delivery Partner, and ensuring that the arrangement enables the Authority to contain its operating costs as planned. They gained confidence in the approach t o procurement by awarding contract in an open and fair way and by applying best practice [7] [8]. 3.5 Planning for a lasting legacy. Since the project is very big and requires a lot of money, the management needs to make sure that the assets that are constructing for the games should deliver the maximum service. Planning for a lasting legacy, they planned the entire development of the city of London by adding these assets to it for future purposes. So this can also be considered as one among those crucial risks. They mitigated this risk by developing robust plans for the Olympic venues with the clear focus on whole life costs, to avoid the risks of these facilities being under-used or unaffordable after the games [7]. 3.6 The installation of effective progress monitoring and risk management arrangements. A major issue for any construction project, no matter whether that is a small project or a large one, it affects very severe if there is no effective progress monitoring techniques and risk management arrangements. Especially for a high investment project like this, it is very important because of the interest of the public in the project. They managed this risk by providing a risk register for every stakeholder at different stages in developing their own risk strategies and registers to identify and manage the risks specific to delivering their responsibilities. At a particular programme level, the authority collates all of them and makes a database for registering risks and prepares action plans to mitigate them. Although they have done all these lengthier procedures to find out risks and to eliminate it, the project is still not completely out of risks. The main threat the project facing now is the risk developed due to global economic recession. The financial set up of the project might get affected because of this risk. Now their main objective is to save the project from this risk and they are currently working on the issue which is about how to reduce or mitigate this risk. Being government is the main stakeholder and the project is a prestigious one, they will somehow manage to finish this project within time, but the cost will still remain as unknown and that itself is the risk that the management team left out with identifying after doing this detailed analysis of risk. This is the reason why they say â€Å"we will never know if we have identified all the risks in a project†. 4. Benefits of Project Risk Analysis and Management As per PRAM, benefits of using risk management can be classified into two: Hard Benefits and Soft benefits. Hard benefits are relatively easy to express and with enough effort it would be possible to measure the amount of benefit. But soft benefits are much less easy to quantify but, can give rise to dramatic performance improvement. These two can be explained in detail as â€Å"Hard benefits Enables better informed and more believable plans, schedules and budgets. Increases the likelihood of a project adhering to its plans. Leads to the use of the most suitable type of contract. Allows a more meaningful assessment and justification of contingencies. Discourages the acceptance of financially unsound projects. Contributes to the build-up of statistical information to assist in better management of future projects. Risk analysis enables objective comparison of alternatives. Identifies and allocates responsibility to the best risk owner and soft benefits Improves corporate experience and general communication Leads to a common understanding and improved team spirit Assists in the distinction between good luck/good management and bad luck/bad management Helps develop the ability of staff to assess risks. Focuses attention on the real and most important issues. Facilitates greater risk taking, thus